Herpes Consensus PCR test: a useful diagnostic approach to the screening of viral diseases of the central nervous system.

BACKGROUND: Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a difficult diagnostic problem for both clinicians and microbiologists. Various clinical signs, such as encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis, may be associated with herpesviruses. The use of multiplex 'Herpes Consensus' polymerase chain reaction (HC-PCR) in association with nested PCR (nPCR), in addition to classical techniques, made it possible to optimise the management of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from patients affected by these viral diseases of the CNS. OBJECTIVES: To test by HC-PCR by nPCR and cell culture the CSF and sera from patients with viral infections of the CNS. STUDY DESIGN: We analysed 320 CFS, 154 serum samples and 11 various samples from 286 patients with clinically suspected encephalitis, meningitis or other diseases of the CNS by HC-PCR, nPCR and traditional investigations (cell culture and serological tests). RESULTS: On molecular analysis with the HC-PCR test, 51 CFS samples (15.9%) were positive for at least one of the six target Herpes viruses: fourteen for Herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1), seven for HSV-2, 12 for Cytomegalovirus (CMV; one of which was from an HIV-positive patient), five for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; four of which were from HIV-positive patients), three for Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), five for Human Herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6), three for HSV-1 with HHV-6 co-infection (two cases) and HSV-2 co-infection (one case), and two for HHV-6 with CMV or EBV co-infection (both from patients with immune deficiency). A further 12 samples were positive in nPCR for HHV-7 (8), ADV (1), Enterovirus (1), HSV-1 (1), EBV (1). Of the 154 serum samples, 17 (11.0%) tested positive by HC-PCR for HSV-1 (4), HSV-2 (1), CMV(1), EBV(1), VZV(3) or HHV-6(6), 1 with co-HSV-2/VZV infection. A further five samples tested positive for HHV-7 in nPCR. Culture and tests for antibodies did not supply sufficiently sensitive and specific data. CONCLUSIONS: Our laboratory experience shows that herpesviruses play a central aetiological role in viral infections of the CNS. PCR analysis, especially the HC-PCR test, have revolutionised the diagnostic approach to such infections, making possible rapid, specific and highly sensitive baseline screening. In this way, microbiological investigations can lead to prompt diagnosis, which was limited in the past to a very small number of cases.

Clinical pharmacodynamics of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Two groups of 10 patients with Parkinson's disease received doses of either 1g acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) per day for seven days or 2g. The effects of this drug on intermittent luminous stimulation and on nocturnal sleep patterns were studied. In both cases with either dose of ALC the effect was an improvement of the H response, sleep stages and spindling activity. However a further study of the complexity of action of acetyl-L-carnitine is necessary.

[Obstructive apnea syndrome during sleep in children: diagnosis and treatment]. / Sindrome apnoica ostruttiva del sonno nel bambino: diagnosi e trattamento.

Marked adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy is certainly the most common respiratory disturbance found among children. Most particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) leads to serious, at times fatal, consequences on the cardio-respiratory apparatus. Thus opinion in the literature unanimously holds that said syndrome is one precise indication for tonsillectomy and/or adenotomy. The present case study was performed on 19 children, age range 21 months to 6 years, with serious obstructions of the respiratory tract due to tonsillar or adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy (14 cases) or to isolated adenoid hypertrophy (5 cases). The sample was divided into 4 groups, taking into consideration the severity of the nighttime sleep obstruction and the type of obstruction. Polygraphy performed during sleep recorded objective OSA in 10 subjects with tonsillar or adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy, but no case was recorded in any subject with solely adenoid hypertrophy. The severity of the obstruction was likewise shown, judged both on the basis of frequency and duration of the pauses as well as on the cardio-respiratory complications, especially in the smallest children (less than 3 years). Furthermore, in the most serious cases significant hematological alterations were recorded. Tonsillectomy, performed in 9 of the 10 children with OSA, completely resolved the sleep disturbances and improved, or normalized, the broncho-pneumonic picture as well the hematological findings in those cases where preoperative complications were present. Even for those children who did not manifest OSA, tonsillectomy and/or adenotomy led to a more uniform rhythm and quality of their sleep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Sleep in chronic chorea patients after therapy with sodium valproate]. / Il sonno di coreici cronici dopo terapia con valproato di sodio.

In previous researches spontaneous nocturnal sleep in chronic chorea showed short total sleep time, prolonged sleep latency, several awakenings, reduction of REM sleep time, decrease in slow waves sleep, strong increase in sleep spindles. Some of these alterations improved after therapy with lithium, haloperidol and lithium, pimozide. Since the concentration of GABA has been found to be reduced in patients with Huntington's chorea, we studied the effect of sodium valproate, a drug that enhances GABA inhibition in cerebral cortex, on nocturnal sleep of six patients with chronic chorea, aged 35 to 60 years (mean 47,3). Nocturnal polygraphic records (EEG, EOG, EMG of chin muscles) were carried out after two consecutive adjustative nights, both before therapy and after sixty days of treatment with sodium valproate (800-2000 mg four times a day, orally). Moreover, chorea, finger dexterity and gait were each rated once a week by three members of the research team and by one independent observer, using a five points rating scale from 0 (normal) to 4 (very severely abnormal). Before therapy the sleep parameters were in accordance with our previous results in chronic choreic patients. After two months therapy we observed a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) reduction of awakenings and of wake time. Sodium valproate produced no objective change in any of the parameters of motor function studied. If singularly examined, however, a reduction of chorea was obtained only in a patient, whose favourable response to therapy was also demonstrated by the normalization of other sleep parameters. These data stress the importance of sleep study in extrapyramidal disorders and suggest a different involvement of GABA-mediated transmission in various patients with chronic chorea.